[zz] 新鲜空气：乌克兰的“三年自然灾害”

[Jun]

今天在路上无意听到新鲜空气节目，访问的是著名记者 Anne Applebaum （我模糊记得她在华盛顿邮报上的专栏文章）的新书，记录三十年代乌克兰爆发的大饥荒，饿死几百万农民。越听越心惊，多么耳熟啊。

Actually, to be more precise, there were no natural reasons for this famine. There was no weather issue. There were no insects, none of the things that normally cause famines. This was a famine that was entirely caused by political decisions.

“自然灾害”不自然，全是政治原因带来的人为灾难。第一条因素就是集体农庄。

First there was a general decision about collectivization. And that meant that the Soviet peasantry - and this is all over the Soviet Union, not just in Ukraine - were forced to leave their homes and to join collective and state farms...

And the effect was a huge drop in food production. Partly, as people left their homes, they had no incentive on the new farms to work, but also just the general disruption led to a - far less food being available.

将土地公有化的政策，实际上是加强对于农村人口的集权控制手段。

inside the cities, it was easier to control people. You could nationalize industry. You could make people work. ... in the countryside, People had their own property. So this was, in effect, removing people's private property as a way of controlling them.

制造饥荒且破坏乌克兰 national identity 的手段，一个是派工作组去农民家里把存粮统统抢走，另一个是令俄国人上山下乡占领乌克兰农村。

The activist teams went house to house, and they took people's food away - literally all of their food, everything that they had and confiscated it. Secondarily, after the famine in 1933, 1934, 1935, there were Russians sent from other parts of the Soviet Union to colonize the empty Ukrainian villages.

还有一个非常有效的手段，即发动人民斗人民，把一群人定性为“反动富农”，煽动其他民众仇恨斗争富农，制造分裂，好轻易控制最多的群众。

Part of collectivization and part of why collectivization was possible was that Stalin demonized a part of the rural population, calling them kulaks. And this is a word that meant rich peasants. ...

But the demonization of the kulaks was useful to Stalin because it created divisions and hatred inside Ukrainian villages. And he would turn - the system was designed to turn part of the population against the other part. Why are you suffering? Why don't you have enough food? Why is your family so poor? It's the fault of the kulaks. Blame the kulaks. They're responsible for all of your problems. And he used that kind of rhetoric actually all across the Soviet Union, in the cities as well.

后面 Applebaum 还分析了俄国现在的政治方针和手段与历史的一脉相承。我就不贴过来了，太吓人了，有兴趣可以自己去听节目或者看文字记录：

http://www.npr.org/2017/10/09/556180554 ... in-ukraine

以后再有人说毛如何天才如何聪明我是不信了。全球化的渗透深远程度早就超出我们这些井蛙的想象。

[Knowing]

以邻为鉴。因为中国三年自然灾害的真相我们永远不可能知道。

[Jun]

想起前阵子听说的政治制度进口论，也就是说中国经常炫耀自己的先进高级统治制度和方法，其实大部分不是原创的而是进口学来的。本来这种事也没什么惊人，世界上大家不都是传来传去学来学去的吗？否则哪有文明发展呢。不过中国文化喜欢吹嘘唯我独尊，不喜欢承认别人的贡献和起源。中国历史研究也一向颇为闭塞，孤立地看本国发展进化过程而拒不跟四周外界历史联系起来看，大概担心一旦连起来看就不能维持独大论了吧。

研究法国和美国史的人是不会否认大西洋两岸之间的革命互相之影响的。